Thursday 30 December 2021

Design Properties for Plastics Engineering - Engineering and High Performance Polymers (collection of all my posts)

 


The Secret of High Performance Polymers: Why They Can Handle High Heat and Harsh Chemicals?

Introduction to the World of High Performance Polymers [Youtube training video; German]
High performance polymers used in children buggies
Fluoropolymers As Enabler For Megatrends: From Resource Efficiency To Digitalization
10 Fluoropolymer Facts for Designers & Engineers
Design Properties for Engineers: HDT @ 1.8 MPa Values for High Performance Polymers
Creep Strength and Toughness of High Performance Plastics
High Performance Polymers: Suitable for Low Temperatures?
Design Properties for Engineers: Weldline Strength of High Performance Polymers
Design Properties for Engineers: Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) of High Performance Polymers
Design Properties for Engineers: Chemical Resistance of High Performance Polymers
High Heat Plastics (HHP) Demystified incl. Cheat Sheet
Design Properties for Engineers: Tensile Properties of High Performance Polymers
Design Properties for Engineers: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of High Performance Polymers
Design Properties for Engineers: Flexural Properties of High Performance Polymers

My Annual Review 2021 and Outlook for 2022

 


Hello and welcome to my end-of-the-year review 2021 and outlook for 2022.

“Expect the unexpected”

2021 was another year under the umbrella of “expect the unexpected”, not only for the plastics industry, but also for the world economy and societies.

We have seen major supply chain disruptions due to Covid-crisis, the North American winter storm (“Uri”) which also led to force majeure at chemical companies in the Texas region, combined with the Suez Canal blockage after the grounding of Ever Given.

Apart from price increase roller coasters and force majeure, big chemical companies start to streamline their portfolios and start divesting. DSM, DuPont, and Lanxess already announce their divestment of their plastics divisions. More are likely to come and at the end of this decade we see a new chemical company landscape.

Top 5 most popular blog posts published this year

On the blog, the journey continued with several posts per month on different polymer engineering and plastics topics to help show that plastics contribute to solving major problems and not cause them.

Below an overview of the top 5 posts of this year

1. Eco-profiles of Polymer Resins – Global Warming Potential

2. Bio-Based Polyamides – Part 1: PA 5.6 and 5T(Chemical Structure, Production, Properties, Applications, Value Proposition)

3. Guest Interview: Doug EOM – POKETONETechnical Support Engineer from Hyosung Chemical – “Polyketone can becharacterized as strong, tough, and ductile.”

4. Joining Techniques - Laser Welding of Plastics

5. HDPE Plastic Bag Degradation - The Experiment

Outlook on 2022

In 2022, I will continue to present posts which evolve around 4 main categories:

- Sustainability in plastics (Circular Economy, sustainable design, renewable plastics, recycling of plastics, ocean water plastics, eco-profiles)

- Polymer material selection

- Design properties for engineers (incl. eco-design for sustainability in plastics) and Rules of Thumbs in polymer engineering

- Leadership and strategy in plastics industry

Furthermore, I invite you all to leave topics you would like to read about in 2022 in the comment box below or leave me a short message here.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all readers of my posts!!!

I hope to welcome you again next year.

I wish you happy holidays and a very happy New Year 2022!

Thank you and #findoutaboutplastics,

Greetings,

Herwig Juster

Post also available on my LinkedIn page

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

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Friday 24 December 2021

Christmas Greetings 2021 I Merry Christmas & Happy New Year!

 Dear community, followers, supporters, business partners, colleagues, and friends

I would like to express my many thanks for your trust and cooperation this year.

I wish you all a Merry Christmas, happy holidays, all the best, and most of all good health for the New Year in 2022!

Stay tuned for more content in 2022!

Best regards,

Herwig Juster 

#MerryChristmas #Xmas #NewYear #FindOutAboutPlastics



Tuesday 21 December 2021

Polymer Material Selection Support for E-Mobility [Infographic]

 Hello and welcome to a new infographic on the polymer material selection for electromobility. 

In general, electric cars require new components such as power electronics (inverters, converters), traction motors, high-voltage charges and lithium-ion batteries. This in turn changes the requirement profile of plastics. I discussed the requieremnt changes in this three part series as well as in my EMI shielding posts. In my five part video series I discuss the electrical design properties in detail. 

Below I summarized the material requirements vs. polymeric materials and materials for different operating temperatures for high voltage components. 

Polymer Material Selection Support for  E-Mobility

Thanks for reading and #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings

Herwig

#EMobility #PolymerMaterialSelection

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Sources:

[1] Drivers of Electromobility, Yu Bin et al. , Kunststoffe international 2/2020


Tuesday 14 December 2021

Eco-profiles of Polymer Resins – Global Warming Potential (GWP) [incl. interactive Tableau Dashboard]

Hello and welcome to a new post. Today we discuss the topic of global warming potential of polymer resins as part of eco-profiles. A detailed post on sustainability in the plastics industry can be found here.

Life cycle analysis (LCA) and eco-profiles

In general, eco-profiles are used to determine the environmental impacts of plastics. They are made out of different data sources. For instance, PlasticsEurope.org uses Life Cycle Inventory datasets (LCI) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) to calculate the eco-profiles for plastics.

The ISO standards for Life Cycle Analyses (LCA) are ISO 14040 and 14044, where 21 impact categories are lined out. Scope of those ISO standards is on the cradle-to-gate of the products. For having a 360° view on the environmental impact, several values are estimated:

  • Global Warming Potential (GWP)
  • Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
  • Acidification Potential (AP)
  • Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
  • Eutrophication Potential (EP)
  • Dust/particulate matter
  • Total particulate matter (Non-hazardous / hazardous)
In this post we focus on the Global Warming Potential (GWP) value only. GWP is related to climate change and represents the product carbon footprint (PCF). The estimation is based upon life cycle inventory (LCI) data from PlasticsEurope's member companies. It has been prepared according to the rules of PlasticsEurope’s Eco-profiles and Environmental Declarations – LCI Methodology and considers from cradle to gate (i.e. from raw material extraction to polymer resin at plant).

Environmental Performance

The figure below shows the Global Warming Potential (GWP) associated with the production of 1 kg of polymer resin.

Eco-profiles: Global Warming Potential (GWP) associated with the production of 1 kg of polymer resin



Updated with bio-based long chain Polyamides, High Performance Polymers and Polyesters. 

Eco-profiles: Global Warming Potential (GWP) - raw data (updated with Bio-based polymers and PVOH)

Also, i created an interactive dashboard with Tableau, allowing you to have all the product carbon footprint values as a function of thermal properties such as glass transition temperature Tg, HDT 1.8 MPa, UL RTI, and Cp values in few clicks avaiable. By using the filter functions, it is easy to refine the search for a specific material. 


Conclusions

Eco-profiles are a vital part for businesses to select their materials in the context of a circular economy and low environmental impact. Results such as the Global Warming Potential may even enter the technical data sheets of material manufacturers which allows purchasers and engineers to pre-select the polymer resins.

Furthermore, the data of plastics indicates a lower GWP level compared to competing metals such as Magnesium (25.8 kg CO2 eq/kg Mg) and Aluminum (9.7 kg CO2 eq/kg Al).

Also, I have written about bio-based polymers and circular economy here and here.

Thanks for reading and #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings

Herwig

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.

!NEW! Ultra and High Performance Polymer Selection - new online course coming soon - join the waiting list

#LifeCycleAnalysis #EcoProfile

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Sources:

[1] https://legacy.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/eco-profiles

[2] Korea LCI database;

[3] Ecoinvent database

[4] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/31009455.pdf

[5]  https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/87/1/012016/pdf

[6] https://www.plastribution.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Radici-Plastics-Focus-on-innovation-sustainability.pdf

[7] Industrial Applications of Biopolymers and their Environmental Impact edited by Abdullah Al Mamun, Jonathan Y. Chen

[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669016307580#fig0015

Thursday 2 December 2021

Overcoming Automotive Challenges in 2021: Replacing Magnesium Die Casting with Engineering and High Performance Plastics

Hello and welcome to a new blog post based on the recent events of Magnesium shortage in the automotive industry.

The automotive sector already has it’s fair share of challenges in 2021. Chip, plastics, and container shortage were meeting a high demand triggered by pent-up consumption due to the Covid-19 crisis in 2020.

Now another challenge came up: export of Magnesium from Asia. Energy crisis in China caused a lowering of energy intensive Magnesium production. Many Tier-1 suppliers in Europe which use Magnesium die casting to make gear boxes and steering applications suffer under this low export rate (China provides more than 50% of the global Magnesium production).

This offers engineering and high performance polymers to jump in and replace the one or the other applications such as housings and bezels.

Figure 1 compares different polymers (mainly with Carbon fiber loading) to Magnesium AZ91D, a commonly used automotive alloy. It can be shown that engineering polymers such as PA 6 and 6.6 with carbon fiber loading as well as high performance polymers such as PPS, PARA, and PPA (with CF loading) can replace Magnesium. PPS and PPA offer the advantage of high temperature durability and low water uptake.

Figure 1: Specific tensile strength vs. specific tensile modulus overview for replacing Magnesium with engineering and high performance polymers

Apart from cost and weight saving - what are some more advantages of replacing metals with plastics?

There is the possibility of consolidating several metal parts into one plastic part and having a better resistance to corrosion or chemical attacks. Also acoustics (particularly relevant in electric vehicles) can be improved, together with an improved friction and wear of parts.

How to do a metal replacement?

This I discussed in the following blog post here and additionally made a training video on YouTube of it: 


Thanks for reading and #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings

Herwig Juster

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Literature: 

[1] https://www.autodealertodaymagazine.com/366364/auto-industry-readies-for-magnesium-shortage


Monday 22 November 2021

Plastics Industry: Using the Laws of the Fifth Discipline as Management Success Enabler (Leadership Series)

Over the past years I found that the fifth discipline – systems thinking approach useful in my different roles in the plastics industry. In this post, I bring the fifth discipline closer to you and the one or other element may be interesting for your daily operations as well.

What is the fifth discipline?

Coined by Peter Senge, the fifth discipline (=system thinking) focuses on group problem solving by using the systems thinking method in order to convert companies into learning organizations.

What are the other four disciplines?

A shared Vision, Mental Models, Team Learning, and Personal Mastery.

What are the Laws of the Fifth Discipline?

Let us start with an overview and then I will provide you my take on each of the laws: 

Plastics Industry: Using the Laws of the Fifth Discipline as Management Success Enabler 

1.    Today's problems come from yesterday's "solutions."

Solving problems is daily business for polymer engineers and business leaders, however intended and unintended consequences are sometimes too less considered. The solution may strike back and in turn create new problems (for instance, the new selected injection point fills the part however may result in weld lines).

2.    The harder you push, the harder the system pushes back.

Most discussions are built on disagreeing with the argument of the other involved opponent. However, with this we strengthen the opponent's positions since he tries to fight harder to bring his argument through. In general, systems need to find their solution on their own and not be pushed into one. Problems cannot be solved in this way and listening to the opponent to better solve a problem can be the key.

3.    Behavior grows better before it grows worse.

In essence, we succeed in the short term but will struggle in the long term. Plastics price increases in the short run can bring more revenue, however if you want to develop sustainable business with your customer such a short initiative may be a roadblock in the long run.

4.    The easy way out usually leads back in.

An example of law number four is the quality certificates of plastic compounds. Over time, certain plastic compounds tend to enlarge their product specification such as tensile strength and elongation at break. This allows the manufacturer to use more production campaigns compared to products with tight tolerances. However, the broadening of specification will not stay uncovered by customers and even more stringent quality specifications will be demanded as a consequence.

5.    The cure can be worse than the disease.

In case a change of material of a plastic part is needed, we have to ensure that the new chosen material (“cure”) does not impact the entire system (processing, purchasing, etc.) causing even more problems.

6.    Faster is slower.

This law relates for example to the approach of bringing in an external consultant or new manager to fix certain things. Such a quick fix results often in a slow healing process. It takes up some time to find sustainable solutions in big corporations.

7.    Cause and effect are not closely related in time and space.

We learned not to touch an open flame since it will burn us. There is a clear and visible relationship between cause and effect. However, in business situations, this is not always the case. Especially, for chemical investment decisions, current situations are mistaken with future demands. For instance, current demand for a certain polymer is high and new production capacities need to be added. Investment plans were made and the decision to invest in a new polymer production plant was signed off. However, the plant will be on stream only in three years and by then the demand situation may have changed completely. This is also an example of the so-called pig cycle.

8.     Small changes can produce big results—but the areas of highest leverage are often the least obvious.

This law reminds me of one of the quotes of Carl Gustav Jung, the Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology: “That which you most need, will be found where you least want to look”. If you find the right place in a system, then small and focused actions can have a much bigger leaver which in turn produce bigger changes.  Often, this is referred to as the law of leverage.

9.    You can have your cake and eat it too—but not at once.

Here the key approach is to move away from an either/or problem solution towards a both/and solution. This in turn needs more engagement and creativity of involved stakeholders.

10. Dividing an elephant in half does not produce two small elephants.

The plastics industry is one giant elephant and what works well for a compounder might not work so well for a material manufacturer. It is important to keep different view angles and not fall into Maslow’s hammer “if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail".

11. There is no blame.

Over the past years, accelerated by globalization and digitalization, we are faced with complex problem solving. Overseeing the responsibility for such complex systems is difficult for the individual manager. Therefore, inviting relevant parts of the company to support with problem solving is a way forward and will not create the headwinds, often so frightening by management.

Thanks for reading and #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings

Herwig Juster

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Literature:

[1] Peter Senge - The Fifth Discipline

[2] https://www.peterkang.com/reflecting-on-the-11-laws-of-the-fifth-discipline-from-peter-senges-the-fifth-discipline/

[3] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/peter-senges-11-laws-systems-thinking-ivan-luizio-magalh%C3%A3es/


Saturday 20 November 2021

My Quote Selection of Chemical and Polymer Business Leaders

 

Without Natural Polymers, There is No Life; Without Synthetic Polymers, No Standard of Living" Prof. Dr. Hans Uwe Schenck


"The task of industry is continuously, year on year, to make more and better things, using less of the world's resources" Sir John Harvey-Jones

Peter Atkins

"Think big, think fast, think ahead. Ideas are no one's Monopoly" Dhirubhai Ambani

In the context of polymer material selection: 

"If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail" Abraham Maslow

Thanks for reading and #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings

Herwig Juster

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Sunday 14 November 2021

Rule of Thumb Polymer Material Selection – Glass Fiber Sizing

Hello and welcome to a new rule of thumb post. More rule of thumb posts can be found here.

Glass fiber reinforced compounds which are used in a glycol environment (for instance thermal management systems) need to use a special glass fiber sizing. 

But why? 

In general, glass fibers come with a sizing attached. The sizing increases the interfacial adhesion of the base polymer to the glass fiber. The strength of the material is influenced by this adhesion of the polymer to the glass fiber surface. Standard glass fiber sizing is cleaved when exposed to glycol. The cleavage results in a decrease of the adhesion between glass fiber and polymer and as a consequence mechanical properties will drop. 

Therefore, glass fibers with special sizing need to be used when parts are exposed to water glycol since they resist this type of cleavage. As a rule of thumb, glycol resistant glass fiber sizing in compounds must be used in any application that is exposed to coolants in order to keep the desired mechanical property level over time. 

Rule of Thumb - Selection of optimal glass fiber sizing for glycol application environments


Thanks for reading and #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings

Herwig Juster

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Literature: 

[1] https://www.michelman.com/markets/reinforced-plastic-composites/fiber-sizing/

[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359835X19303689

[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256849998_Sizing_stability_is_a_key_element_for_glass_fibre_manufacturing


Wednesday 3 November 2021

The Plastics Performance Iceberg -Proper Material Data Assessment

Hello and welcome to a new post. Today we discuss the so called Plastics Performance Iceberg. 

As shown in Figure 1 below, at the top of the Iceberg we have the standardized ASTM and ISO test data of polymers. They are very useful for having a first look at possible plastics and first screening during your material selection process.  It allows a quick comparison of different polymers to each other. However such data just represent the tip of the material data iceberg. Below the water line there are several more invisible data which need to be considered. Therefore it is important to capture information such as chemical exposure in the requirement list of your part. 

Figure 1: The Plastics Performance Iceberg - ASTM/ISO vs. Real World Data

I made a training video on this topic too, where we discuss material data, especially ASTM/ISO data vs. the real world. We have a look at the obstacles and how to remove them. 


Thanks for reading!

Greetings and #findoutaboutplastics

Herwig Juster

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course

Wednesday 27 October 2021

Rule of Thumb for Plastics Part Design – Ribs

 Hello and welcome to a new rule of thumb post. More rule of thumb posts can be found here.

In this post we discuss an important element in plastic part design: ribs. The design of proper ribs for increasing the stiffness of your part is one element of the 10 “holy” Design rules for injection moulded products.

Why are ribs so effective?

Ribs are just getting effective when they are 4-10 times higher than the wall thickness. The thickness of the rib should be 40% (minimize sink marks) - 60% (maximize strength) of the original wall. Furthermore, injection moulding location and filling direction (molecular orientation) affects how ribs will perform in a later stage. In general, it can be stated that if your ribs never exceed 40-60% of the nominal wall thickness and length of 4-10 times of nominal wall thickness, problems of sink are decreased and part stiffness is increased.

Rule of Thumb for Plastic Part Design: how to design ribs

When to consider ribs?

There are two main design routes for increasing the stiffness of your part: make a thick wall section or use ribs. The cross sectional moment of inertia I = b*h^3/ 12 shows that increasing the wall thickness will increase the stiffness of your part to the power of three. It is more effective than changing the material. However, cooling time will increase significantly too. Therefore, adding the rib may be the better solution. Adding a rib to a wall thickness of 8 mm will increase the part’s stiffness six times, compared to a wall thickness of 12 mm with no rib.  

Thanks for reading!

Greetings and #findoutaboutplastics

Herwig Juster

nterested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course


Literature:

[1] Keuerleber and Eyerer: Konstruieren und Gestalten mit Kuntstoffen, 2007

[2] https://www.findoutaboutplastics.com/2018/04/plastics-part-design-10-holy-design.html

[3] Designing with Plastics: A Practical Guide for Engineers, DESIGN NEWS 11.20.06

Monday 25 October 2021

Plastics Identification - How to Identify Plastics By Using 3 Simple Methods

Hello and welcome to a new post. Today I show you 3 simple methods for plastics identification. 

There are several situations in which knowledge about the polymer you are handling is of interest. This can be quality issues or if parts failed you would like to know what polymer was involved. 

Method nr. 1: Check solubility of polymer in solvents

There are six common solvents which allow you to identify the involved polymer due to solubility:

  • Water: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyethylene oxide, Polyacrylic acid
  • Tetrahydrofuran (THF):  all non-crosslinked plastics, except Polyolefines, Polyfluoro hydrocarbons,  Polyacrylamide, Polyoxymethylene, Polyamides, Polyurethanes, Polyethylene terephthalate
  • Xylene (Dimethylbenzene): Polyoelfins, Styrol polymers, Vinylchloride polymers, Polyacrylicester, Polytrifluoroethylene
  • Dimethylformamide (DMF): Polyacrylnitrile, Polyformaldehyde
  • Formic acid: Polyamides, Polyvinyl derivates
  • Nitrobenzene: Polyethylene terephthalate

Method nr. 2: Check the density

A fast way to estimate the density (= mass/volume [g/cm3]) is by making a sink-float density measurement. In this test you bring your sample in contact with different fluids:

  • Methanol (density = 0.79 g/ cm3 @ 20°C)
  • Water (density = 1.00 g/ cm3)
  • Magnesium chloride solution (density = 1.34 g/ cm3)
  • Zinc chloride solution (density = 2.01 g/ cm3)

This allows you to get an opinion whether it is a high, medium or low density polymer. 

In Table 1, several densities of unfilled polymers are listed. Additives such as glass fibers are impacting the density and this can be seen in Table 1 too.

Table 1: Comparison of the density of unfilled and filled polymers

Method nr. 3: Check behavior due to heat exposure 

In the third method we want to obtain the degradation result of our polymers when they are heated above the melting temperature. Low molecular weight side products will burn too and have a characteristic smell. For this we put a small amount of sample (100 mg is enough) into an ignition glass tube. Then we place a pH-paper or Litmus paper on the open end and start heating the sample over a Bunsen burner. The degradation vapor will react with the paper and we obtain red color (acid), neutral (no color change), or blue color (base/alkali). 

Following polymers are linked to the different colors: 

  • Red / pH 0.5-4.0: PVC, PET, Fluoropolymers, Polyvinylesters
  • Unchanged / pH 5.0-5.5: Polyolefins, PVA, PS, POM, PC, Silicones, Phenolic- and Epoxy resins
  • Blue / pH 8.0-9.5: PA, ABS, PAN, Melamine resins

Also, in the following I summarized the aforementioned 3 methods in an infographic: 


Plastics Identification - 3 Simple Methods

Furthermore, I made training videos with more details on the different methods: 

Part 1: 3 simple methods


Part 2: identify polyolefins, polyamides, polycarbonates and high heat plastics


Part 3: identify plastic compounds with IR-spectroscopy


Thanks for reading!

Greetings and #findoutaboutplastics

Herwig Juster

#plasticsidentification #findoutaboutplastics 

Interested to talk with me about your plastic selection and part design needs - here you can contact me 

Interested in my monthly blog posts – then subscribe here and receive my high performance polymers knowledge matrix.
New to my Find Out About Plastics Blog – check out the start here section
You can support me here on  PayPalMe
Polymer Material Selection (PoMS) for Electric Vehicles (xEVs) - check out my new online course



Literature: 
[1] D. Braun: Erkenne von Kunststoffen, Hanser
[2] https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-properties/properties/density#PA-PC 
[3] https://youtu.be/ddKNQTPEJTM