Wednesday, 22 October 2025

Stories From The Granulatefather: The Triangle Test

Stories from the Granulatefather: The Triangle Test by Herwig Juster

The hum of machines filled the air as Anna, a young design engineer, walked briskly through the plastics manufacturing plant. She clutched a sample part in her hand—a translucent connector for a medical device. It looked perfect, but Anna’s brow was furrowed. She had just received a report: several connectors had cracked during field use.

At the conference table, Anna met with her mentor, Mr. DeWitt, a seasoned materials expert. He examined the cracked part, turning it over in his hands. “Environmental stress cracking,” he murmured, almost to himself.

Anna sighed. “I thought we picked the right material. We even checked the chemical compatibility.”

Mr. DeWitt smiled gently. “Let me tell you a rule of thumb I learned early in my career. When it comes to environmental stress cracking—ESCR—think of a triangle. Three legs: environment, stress, and chemicals. If you can remove or reduce even one, you break the triangle and prevent failure.”

Anna leaned in, intrigued. “So, where do we start?”

They walked to the design lab. Mr. DeWitt pointed to the sharp corners on Anna’s part. “Stress concentrates here. Let’s round these edges and thicken the walls. That’ll help.”

Next, they reviewed the cleaning agents used in the hospital. “Some chemicals are harsher than we realized,” Anna noted. “We can recommend alternatives.”

Finally, Mr. DeWitt pulled a datasheet for PPSU, a high-performance polymer. “This material has excellent resistance to ESCR. It might cost more, but it could save us from future failures.”

A week later, Anna watched as the new connectors passed every test—no cracks, no failures. She smiled, remembering the triangle. By tweaking the design, rethinking the chemicals, and upgrading the material, they had broken the cycle of failure.

Anna’s story spread through the company, a reminder that in plastics, success isn’t just about picking a material—it’s about understanding the whole system, and knowing which leg of the triangle to break.

I hope you enjoyed the story!

Thanks for reading & #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings,

Herwig Juster


Tuesday, 21 October 2025

Don't Mix Maximum With Optimum Plastic Material Selection & Plastic Processing I Rule of Thumb

Hello and welcome to a new Rule of Thumb post discussing why mixing maximum with optimum in polymer material selection and plastics processing is not the best thing to do. 

Understanding “Maximum” vs. “Optimum” in Plastic Material Selection

When selecting materials, it’s important to distinguish between “maximum” and “optimum.”

Maximum refers to the highest possible value of a single property (e.g., the highest tensile strength, the greatest heat resistance, or the lowest density).

Optimum means the best possible balance among several relevant properties for a specific application. The optimum is not always the maximum of any single property, but rather the material that meets all key requirements most effectively.

Why is this distinction important?

Choosing a material based solely on a maximum value (such as the strongest or most heat-resistant polymer) can lead to unnecessary costs, processing difficulties, or other trade-offs. The optimal choice is the one that delivers the best overall performance for your specific needs—even if it doesn’t have the highest value in every category.

Example: “Optimal vs Maximum” in Plastic Material Selection

When selecting a plastic material for a specific application, engineers often seek the “optimal vs maximum”—that is, the best possible balance between competing requirements, such as mechanical strength, cost, processability, and chemical resistance.

Case Study: Gear Wheel for Automotive Application

Requirements:

  • High mechanical strength and stiffness
  • Good wear resistance
  • Dimensional stability at elevated temperatures
  • Cost-effectiveness for mass production

Material Candidates:

  • Polyamide 6 (PA6)
  • Polyoxymethylene (POM)
  • Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

Selection Process:

  1. Define Key Properties:
    The gear must withstand high loads (tensile strength), resist wear, and maintain shape at temperatures up to 120°C.

  2. Score Materials:
    Each candidate is evaluated for tensile strength, wear resistance, heat deflection temperature, and cost.

Find the “Optimal vs Maximum”:

  • PA6: Good strength and cost, but absorbs moisture (affecting dimensions).
  • POM: Excellent wear resistance and dimensional stability, moderate strength, good cost.
  • PEEK: Outstanding properties, but very high cost.

After scoring, POM emerges as the “optimal vs maximum”—it offers the best compromise between performance and cost for this application, even though PEEK has higher absolute properties.

The “optimal vs maximum” is not always the material with the highest individual property, but the one that best meets all critical requirements for the application. In this case, POM is the optimal choice, delivering reliable performance at a reasonable cost.

Takeaway:
When selecting plastics, always look for the “optimal vs maximum”—the material that provides the best overall fit for your application, not just the highest value in a single property.

Optimum vs Maximum in injection molding

For example, in injection molding, the optimum flow rate is not necessarily the fastest possible, but rather the rate that minimizes shear stress, ensures proper mold filling, and avoids defects like air traps or weld lines. Similarly, the optimum temperature profile for a molding process might balance melt temperature for flow with cooling time for cycle time, while minimizing residual stress. 

Figure 1 presents the concept of "maximum vs optimum" for plastics processing. In essence, while maximum settings define the boundaries, optimum settings represent the sweet spot within those boundaries for achieving the best possible results in plastics processing.

Figure 1: Difference between optimum and maximum in plastics processing. 

More Rule of Thumb posts can be found here.

Thanks for reading & #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings,

Herwig Juster

Literature: 

[1] https://youtube.com/shorts/q_KfChgTwdM



Thursday, 16 October 2025

My Highlights from K Fair 2025 – The Global Hub for Plastics & Rubber Innovation

Hello and welcome to a new post! The K trade fair in Düsseldorf once again proved itself as the ultimate meeting place for the plastics world—international, innovative, and truly immense. This year, I had the opportunity to witness some  developments that are shaping the future of our industry, particularly in the areas of sustainability, digitalization, and advanced materials.

K Fair 2025: My highlights and discoveries

My Key Discoveries:

🔹 China’s Growing Leadership:

Chinese plastics and rubber companies are not only increasing in number—up nearly 50% from the last event, now making China the second-largest exhibiting nation after Germany—but are also leading in innovation, product development, and circular economy initiatives. Their presence and technological advancements were truly impressive.

🔹 AI in Daily Production:

Artificial intelligence is no longer a buzzword; it’s now an integral part of daily operations. Connected machines and real-time data analysis are accelerating both the speed of innovation and speed to value across the industry.

🔹 Industry Transformation:

While revenue growth remains a challenge, this period is being used as an opportunity to streamline internal structures and consolidate portfolios, preparing for a more resilient future.

🔹 Energy Costs & Plant Closures:

High energy costs in Europe continue to impact the sector, leading to the closure of several chemical plants—a trend that cannot be ignored.

🔹 Recycling as a Sustainability Driver:

Recycling has evolved from a cost-saving measure to a key driver of sustainability, especially when combined with product carbon footprint passports and digital material twins.

🔹 M&A Activity:

Mergers and acquisitions remain active, with notable deals such as Engel’s acquisition of Trexel, a specialist in foaming technology for injection molding.

Let us deeper dive into the latest innovations in circular economy and recycling, digitalization and smart manufacturing, new materials, and machinery enhancements:

Circular economy and recycling innovations

Next-level recycling technologies: Companies like Gneuss showcased melt filtration and extrusion technologies designed to significantly improve recycling processes. The VDMA's Circular Economy Forum provided live demonstrations of implementing circularity within plastics production.

High-quality recycled materials: BioPlastics & Recycling GmbH presented certified post-consumer recycled (PCR) regranulates, including rPP and rPE with FDA approval, setting new standards for quality and sustainability.

Upcycled materials: Researchers showcased new materials, such as the BAETA technology, which transforms recycled PET bottles into carbon capture material.

Sustainable product design: Prototypes and commercial products were presented that were designed for better recyclability, including mono-material solutions and reusable systems. For example, Covestro and VAUDE introduced a recyclable, mono-material backpack made from TPU. 

Innovative recycling technology: Syensqo showcased its innovative recycling technology for circular sulfone polymers. 

Digitalization and smart manufacturing

Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and automation were on display to showcase the future of smart manufacturing. 

AI for efficiency and sustainability: Exhibitors highlighted how AI-based process optimization can increase the throughput of blown film lines, automatically coordinating components for greater efficiency. Reifenhäuser also introduced "Reifenhäuser Next," a brand centered on an AI chatbot and digital learning platforms to combat skilled labor shortages and solve production challenges.

Digital twins: This technology was featured for creating virtual representations of production lines, allowing for the simulation and optimization of manufacturing processes before physical implementation.

Predictive maintenance: Advanced sensor technology and cloud applications enable the real-time monitoring of machinery, allowing for predictive maintenance that reduces unplanned downtime.

Digital Product Passports (DPP): In response to EU regulations, new technologies were presented to support the implementation of Digital Product Passports, which provide information on a product's raw materials, production processes, and recycling paths. 

New and advanced materials

Sustainable polycarbonates: Covestro showcased its Makrolon® RE and Makrolon® RP polycarbonates, which incorporate recycled content or are based on renewable raw materials. These were used in applications ranging from electronics to medical devices.

Bio-based alternatives: The Fraunhofer Institute presented a new helmet made from bio-based polylactide (PLA), offering comparable protection to conventional helmets with a two-thirds reduction in CO2 emissions. Expanded PLA (EPLA) was also shown as a sustainable alternative to EPS foam.

High-performance materials for e-mobility: Complex busbars: Syensqo collaborated with Clayens to present a 360-degree approach for developing complex busbars for electric vehicles. 

Recycled polyamide: RadiciGroup received an award for a battery module made from its recycled Renycle polyamide. 

New polymer distribution companies: Omya's polymer distribution business made its official debut as the newly formed Omya Performance Polymer Distribution at the K Fair 2025 in Düsseldorf. The company showcased its portfolio of specialty polymers, innovations, and solutions for the plastics industry.  

Machinery and equipment enhancements

Manufacturers introduced new and improved machinery that was faster, more efficient, and better integrated with digital systems. 

First all-electric, tie-bar-less injection molding machine: ENGEL unveiled the new victory electric, its first all-electric, tie-bar-less injection molding machine, which combines their electric drive technology with their tie-bar-less design for increased efficiency and precision. The new machine is a world premiere that focuses on design advancements to meet specific customer requirements for greater benefits.  

Smaller, faster machines: KraussMaffei introduced a process that compounds glass fiber rovings directly in the injection molding unit to reduce material costs. Netstal showcased its new-generation Elion MED series for medical technology, known for its speed and precision.

Simplified tool changeovers: Guill Tool & Engineering introduced its Cam-Lock system, designed to simplify tool changeovers on its extrusion heads.

Upgraded extrusion lines: Brückner presented its Greenline concept for film stretching lines, a new system for high-performance films, featuring a digital standard interface. 

And of course, one of the true highlights: reconnecting with old friends and colleagues from across the plastics industry—the K Fair always feels like a family reunion!

Thanks for reading & #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings,

Herwig Juster

Literature: 

[1] https://en.kunststoffe.de/k-fair#:~:text=Increase%20in%20Exhibitors%20at%20K,Fast%2C%20Precise%20and%20Reliable

[2] https://solutions.covestro.com/en/digital-event-space/kfair

[3] https://www.specialchem.com/plastics/news/syensqo-to-showcase-high-performance-polymers-portfolio-at-k-2025#:~:text=Syensqo%20will%20make%20its%20first,15th%20in%20D%C3%BCsseldorf%2C%20Germany.

[4] https://www.plastech.biz/en/news/Syensqo-to-debut-at-K-2025-with-specialty-polymers-portfolio-21142#:~:text=Partnerships%20and%20live%20program%20at,for%20single%2Duse%20surgical%20instruments

[5] https://www.k-online.com/#:~:text=K%202025%20focuses%20on%20key,be%20returned%20directly%20on%20site.

[6] https://www.omya.com/en/industries/polymers/events/omya-at-k-show-2025#:~:text=Recently%20founded%20Omya%20Performance%20Polymers,the%20regional%20leadership%20team%20(bios)

Wednesday, 1 October 2025

Say Goodbye to PTFE? Discover the UHMW-PE Advantage in Plastics

Hello and welcome to a new post in which we are looking for a smarter way to reduce friction and wear in engineering plastics—without relying on PTFE.

Replacement of PTFE with UHMW-PE - How much should I add?

Ultra-High-Molecular-Wheigt-Polyethelyne (UHMW-PE) stands out as a highly effective alternative to PTFE and molybdenum disulfide, especially when high temperatures are not a concern for your final application. Discover how this innovative approach can boost performance and open new possibilities for your polymer selection and engineering plastics projects.

Table 1 shows how adding just 5 wt% of UHMW-PE to materials like PA 6 can dramatically lower the kinetic friction coefficient from 0.6 to 0.23. Similar improvements are possible with PBT (from 0.51 to 0.2) and PPS (from 0.38 to 0.14)!


Check out this post too 👉Polymer Material Selection: What are PTFE free alternatives for friction and wear compounds?

Thanks for reading & #findoutaboutplastics

Greetings,

Herwig Juster

Literature: 

[1] https://plasticker.de/news/shownews.php?nr=45528&nlid=64581.d.h.2024-10-30

[2] https://www.findoutaboutplastics.com/2022/07/polymer-material-selection-what-are.html